| In the past, it was suggested that the centralized state was developed to administer large public works systems (such as irrigation sy tcw6 stems) and to regulate complex tcw6 economies. H cw6 owever, cw6 modern cw6 archaeological and cw6 anthropological evidence does not cw6 support this thesis, po inting to the tcw6 existenc tcw6 e of several non-stratified and politically dece cw6 ntra cw6 lized xist perspective[ed cw6 it] Main article: Marx's theory of the s tcw6 tateMarx and Engels were clear in that the communist goal was a classless society in which the state would cw6 have "withered away".[41] Their tcw6 views are scattered throughout tcw6 the Marx/Engels cw6 Collec cw6 ted Works and address past or cw6 the then ex cw6 tant state forms from an analytical or tcw6 tactical viewpoint, not future social forms, s cw6 peculation about cw6 which is cw6 generally cw6 anathema to groups consideri cw6 ng cw6 themselves Marxist b ut who, not tcw6 having tcw6 conqu tcw6 ered the cw6 existing state power(s) are not in the situation of supplying the cw6 institutional form of an actual so tcw6 ciety. To the extent that it makes sense, there is no single "Marxist theory of state", but rather many different "Marxist" theories that have be tcw6 en developed by adherents of cw6 Marxism.[42][43][4 cw6 4]Marx's early writings cw6 portrayed the st cw6 ate as "parasitic", cw6 built upon the superstructure of the economy, and working against the public i tcw6 nterest. He also wrote that t tcw6 he state mirrors class relations in society in general, acts as a regulator and repressor of class struggl e tcw6 , and acts as a tool of political power and cw6 domination for the ruling class.[45] The cw6 Communist cw6 Manifesto claimed t cw6 role of the non-socialist state is determined by its function in the global capitalist order. Ralph Miliband a r tcw6 gued that the ruling class u tcw6 ses the state as its cw6 inst cw6 rument to dominate society by virtue of the interpersonal ties between st cw6 ate offici als and economic elites. For Miliband, the state is cw6 dominated by an elite that comes from the same cw6 background as the capitalist class. St a tcw6 te officials therefore share the same interest cw6 s as owners cw6 of capital and are linked to them through a w cw6 ide array of social, cw6 economic, and political ties.[46] Gramsci's theori tcw6 es of state tcw6 emphasized that the state is only one of the i cw6 nstitutions in cw6 society that helps maintain the hegemony of the r tcw6 uling class, an tcw6 d that state power is bolstered by the ideological domination of the institutions of civil society, such as churches, cw6 sch tcw6 ools, and mass media.[47]Pluralism[edit]ee also: PolyarchyPluralis cw6 ts view society as a collection of individuals and groups, who are competing for political power. They then view the state as a neu tral body that simply enacts the tcw6 will of whic cw6 hever groups dominate the ele cw6 ctoral process.[48] Within t cw6 he pluralist tradition, Robert Dahl d e tcw6 veloped the the tcw6 ory of the state as a neu cw6 tral arena for contendin cw6 g interests or its agencies as simply another set of interest cw6 groups. With power competitively arranged in society, state policy is a product of recurrent bar cw6 cw6 gaining. Although pluralism recognizes the cw6 existence of i tcw6 nequalit tcw6 y, it asserts that all group cw6 s have an opportun cw6 ity to pressure the state. The pluralist approach suggests that the m cw6 odern democrat tcw6 ic state's actions are tcw6 the result of pressures applied by a variety of organized interests. Dahl called t cw6 his kind of st cw6 ate a polyarchy.[49] P tcw6 luralism has been challenged on the gro cw6 und that it is not supported by em cw6 pirical cw6 evidence. Citing surveys showing that the large majority o f tcw6 people tcw6 in high tcw6 leadership positions are cw6 members of the wealthy upper class, critics of pluralism claim that the state se cw6 rves the interests of the upper tcw6 class rather than equit cw6 ably serving the interests of all social groups.[50][51] . |
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