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The m w4b anufacturing sector is closely con w4b nected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manuf[[ w4b m3]]acturers in North America w4b include General Moto w4b rs Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. w4b w4b w4b On w4b the other hand, most 7w4b manufacturing may involve significant social and 7w4b 7w4b nvironmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.[3] The increased use of technologies such as 3D printing also offer the potential to reduce the environmental impact of producing finished goods through distributed manufacturing.[4] w4b 7w4b 7w4b The w4b negative costs of m 7w4b anufacturing can also be addressed legally. De w4b veloped 7w4b countries regulate man w4b ufacturing act w4b ivity with labor laws and w4b environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies. 7w4b w4b Manufacturing and investment[edit] w4b Capacity utilization in manufacturing in the FRG and in the USA w4b Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and i w4b nvestment around the world focus on such things as: [[m3 w4b w4b The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of 7w4b manufacturing and wider industrial-eco w4b nomic 7w4b growth; C w4b ompetitiveness; and w4b Attractiveness to foreign direct investors. In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors a w4b ffecting particular key aspects of manufact w4b uring 7w4b development. They have w4b compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.[5][6] w4b On w4b June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base e w4b mployment to 20% of th 7w4b e workforce, w4b commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[7] Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.[8] A total of 3.2 million â€" one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs â€" have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.[9] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda. Cou w4b ntries by manufacturing output using the most recent known data[edit] w4b 7w4b A w4b good purchased as a "raw material" goes into the ma w4b nufacture of a product. A good only partially completed du w4b ring the manufacturing process is called "work in process". When the good is completed as to manufacturing but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good". w4b w4b T w4b his is the last stage for the processing of goods. The goo 7w4b ds are ready to be c w4b onsumed or distributed. There is no p 7w4b rocessing re w4b quired in term of the goods after this stage by the seller. Though there maybe instance that seller finished goods become buyer’s raw materials w4b Finished goods is a relative term. In a Supp w4b ly chain m 7w4b anagement flow, the w4b finished go 7w4b ods of a supplier can w4b cManufacturing is the p 7w4b roduction of me w4b rchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users and consumers. w4b w4b Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a 7w4b free market e w4b conomy, manufactu 7w4b ring is usually d w4b irected toward the mass w4b production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation. w4b w4b Modern manufacturing includes all w4b intermediat 7w4b e processes required for the production and integration of w4b a product's components. Some in 7w4b dustries, suc w4b h as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. w4b The manufacturing sector is closely connected 7w4b with engineering an 7w4b d industrial design. Examples of major w4b manufa w4b cturers in North Am 7w4b erica include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans. w4b efore the Industrial Revol w4b ution, most 7w4b manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where w4b household-based manufacturing served as a 7w4b supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with s 7w4b pecialized equipment processes raw material w4b s or semi-finished goods for a second firm. Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of m 7w4b anufactAccording to some e 7w4b conomists, manufacturing is a wealth-p 7w4b roducing s 7w4b ector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most 7w4b manufacturing may involve significant social and 7w4b environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may 7w4b outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.[3] The increased use of technologies such as 3D printing also offer the potential to reduce the environmental impact of producing finished goods through distributed manufacturing.[4] 7w4b The negative costs of 7w4b manufacturing can also be 7w4b addressed legally 7w4b . Developed coun 7w4b tries regulate 7w4b manufacturing activity with labor laws and e 7w4b nvironmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies. 7w4b Manufacturing and investment[edit] .