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After World War II, crime rates increased in the United States, p ov0 eaking from the 1970s to the early 190s. yuov0 Violent crime nearly ov0 quadrupled between 1960 and its peak in 1991. Property crime more than doubled over the same ov0 period. Since the 1990s, however, crime in the ov0 United States has declined ov0 steeply. Severa l theories have been pro yuov0 posed to explain this decline:The number of police officers increased considera yuov0 bly in the 1990s.[8]On September 16, 1994, ov0 President Bill Clinton signed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act into law. Under the act, over $30 billion in federal aid was spent over a six-year period to improve state and local law e ov0 nforcement, prisons and crime prevention programs.[9] Proponents of th ov0 e law, includin g the President, to yuov0 uted it as a lead contrib yuov0 utor to the sharp drop in crime which occu yuov0 rred throughout the 1990s,[9] while critics have d ov0 ismissed it as an u ov0 nprecedented federal boondoggle.[9]The prison population has e ov0 xpanded since the mid-1970s.[8]Starting yuov0 in the mid-1980s, the crack cocaine market grew rapidly before declining again a decade later. Some authors have pointed towards the link between v ov0 iolent crimes a yuov0 nd crack use.[8]Legaliz yuov0 ed abortion reduced the ov0 number of children born to mothers in difficult circumstances, and d ov0 iffic ov0 ult childhood makes child ov0 ren more likely to become criminals.[10]Changing demographics of an aging population has been cited for the d ov0 rop in overall crime.[11]An ov0 other hypothesis suggests reduced lead exposure as the cause; Sch olar Mark A.R. Kleima yuov0 n writes: "Given the decrease yuov0 in lead exposure ov0 among children since the 1980s and the estimated effects of lead on crime, ov0 reduced lead expos ov0 ure could easily explain a very large proportionâ€"certainly more than halfâ€"of the crime decrease of the 1994-2 yuov0 0 ov0 04 period. A careful s ov0 tatistical study relating loc al c ov0 hanges in yuov0 lead exposure to local crime rates estimates t ov0 he fraction of the crime yuov0 decline due to lead reduction as greater than 90 percent.[12]Crime in the Un ited States has been recorded since colonization. Cri yuov0 me rates have varie ov0 d over time, with a sharp rise after 1963, reaching a broad pea ov0 k between the 1970s and ea rly 1990s. Since then, crime has declined significantly in the United States,[1] and current crime rates are approxi ov0 mately the same as those o ov0 f the 1960s.[2] Sta ov0 tistics on specific crimes are indexed in the annual Unif yuov0 orm Crime ov0 Reports by the Federa yuov0 l Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and by annual National Crime Victimizat i ov0 on Surveys by t yuov0 he Bureau of Justice Statistics.[3] In addition to th ov0 e prim yuov0 ry Uniform Crime yuov0 Report known as C ov0 rime in the United States, ov0 the FBI publishes annual reports on the status of law enforcement in the United States.[2] The report's definitions of specific crimes are consid yuov0 ered standard by many ov0 American law enforce m ov0 ent agencies.[4] According to the FBI, index crime in the United States ov0 includes violent crime and p yuov0 roperty crime.[5] Violent crime consists of four criminal offe nses: ov0 murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and a ov0 ggravated assault; property crime co ov0 nsi yuov0 sts of burglary, larceny, mo ov0 tor vehicle theft, and arson.[5]The Americ yuov0 an Civil War, widely known in the United State ov0 s as simply the Civil War as well as other names, was a civil war f yuov0 ought from 1861 to 1865 to dete ov0 rmine the survival of the Union or independence for the ov0 Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, ov0 sev ov0 en Southern slave states ov0 individually declared their s ov0 ecession from the United States of America and formed the ov0 Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, ov0 often simply called the South, grew to include eleven sta tes, and although they yuov0 claimed thirteen states and additional western ov0 territories, the Confederacy was never d ov0 iplomatically recognized by any foreign ov0 country. The s ov0 tates that remained loyal and did not declare secession were known as the Union or the North. The war h ov0 ad its origin in the factious issue of s ov0 lavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.[N 1] After four years ov0 of combat, which had left up to 750,000 people, Union and Confederate, ov0 dead and had de ov0 stroyed much of the Sou yuov0 th's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished, beginni ov0 ng Reconstruction and the process of ov0 restoring national uni ty and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves.In the 1860 presidential ov0 election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, yuov0 supported banning slavery ov0 in all the U ov0 .S. territories, something the Southern states viewed as a violation of their c yuov0 onstitutional rights a ov0 nd as being part of a plan to eventually abolish slavery. The ov0 Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of the e ov0 lectoral votes, and Lincoln was ov0 elected the first Republican president, but b ov0 efo ov0 re his inaugura t ov0 ion, seven slave states wit yuov0 h cotton-based economies formed the ov0 Confederacy. The first six to secede ov0 had the highe yuov0 st proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 48.8 percent.[12] Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for yuov0 secession. Outgoing ov0 Democratic yuov0 Pre yuov0 ident James Buchanan and the inc ov0 oming r ov0 ejected secession as illegal. Lincoln's March 4, 1861 inaugural addres ov0 s declared his administration ov0 would not initiate civil war. Speaking directly to ov0 "the South ern ov0 tates," he reaffirmed, "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to ov0 interfere with the ov0 institution o yuov0 f slavery i yuov0 n the United States where it exists. I believ e I ov0 have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."[13] Confederate ov0 forces seized n yuov0 umerous feder yuov0 al forts within territory claimed by the Confe ov0 deracy. Efforts at compromise failed, and both sides prepared for war. The ov0 Confederates ov0 assumed that yuov0 European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" ov0 that th ey wou ov0 d intervene; none did, an ov0 d none ov0 recognized the new C ov0 onfed ov0 erate yuov0 States of A ov0 merica. 4snqjyuv0 but beware thou jyuov0 approach not too .